April 2019 Edition
- xEV Market Trends
- Overview
- Recent EV-Market Boosters
- Market Drivers
- In 2010 to 2016, most automakers introduced ‘Compliance Cars’
- Battery-EVs: Main Development and Direction
- PHEVs: Main Development and Direction
- Strong HEVs: Main Development and Direction
- Mild to Advanced Micro-HEVs (MHEVs): Main Development and Direction
- Powertrain Electrification and Impact on CO2 Emissions
- xEV Market Drivers and Market Share by Category
- Vehicle Markets by Region
- Worldwide Sales of Top Electric Vehicles (2018)
- Worldwide Sales of Top Plug-In Electric Vehicles (2018)
- Current Chinese xEV Market Trends: Market Drivers – Government
- China NEV Subsidy 2018 versus 2017
- Current Chinese xEV Market Trends: Market Drivers – Automakers
- Chinese Sales of Top Electric Vehicles (2018)
- Chinese Sales of Top Plug-In Electric Vehicles (2018)
- Chinese e-Bus Industry
- Chinese “Logistic EVs”
- Chinese NEV (PHEV + EV) Market, 000 units
- Chinese xEVs – The Bottom Line
- Current European xEV Market Trends – Market Drivers
- European Sales of Top Electric Vehicles (2018)
- European Sales of Top Plug-In Electric Vehicles (2018)
- Current European xEV Market Trends – EVs
- Current European xEV Market Trends – PHEVs
- Current European xEV Market Trends – Strong Hybrids (HEVs)
- Current European xEV Market Trends – Mild Hybrids (MHEVs)
- Current European xEV Market Trends – Micro Hybrids (μHEVs)
- Current U.S. xEV Market Trends – Market Drivers
- 2018 EV US Sales
- Current U.S. xEV Market Trends – EVs
- 2018 PHEV US Sales
- Current U.S. xEV Market Trends – PHEVs
- Current U.S. xEV Market Trends – Strong HEVs
- Current U.S. xEV Market Trends – MHEVs
- Current Japanese xEV Market Trends – Hybrids
- Current Japanese xEV Market Trends – PHEVs/EVs
- Current xEV Market Trends – Rest of the World (ROW)
- Vehicle Market Forecast to 2020
- HEV Market by Vehicle Producer 2010 – 2020
- HEV Market by Hybrid Category
- EV Market Forecast
- EV Market Forecast – Excluding Chinese Automakers
- PHEV Market by Producer
- EV Market (Forecast) by World Region
- EV Market Growth by World Region
- PHEV Market Forecast by World Region
- Vehicle Market Forecast Beyond 2020
- EV Market Development to 2025 and Beyond
- Market Growth Beyond 2015 – Customer Pull?
- xEV Market Driver and Share by Category
- 2025 xEV Market Share Forecast by Region: Our Baseline Estimate
- 2025 xEV Market Forecast by Region
- 2030 xEV Market Share Forecast by Region: Our Baseline Estimate
- 2030 xEV Market Forecast by Region
- Directions of Individual Carmakers
- Direction of Key European Carmakers
- Direction of International Carmakers
- Direction of Japanese Carmakers
- Toyota / Lexus
- 2001-17 Toyota HEV Family
- Toyota Motors Corporation 2001-17 Toyota/Lexus HEV Family
- Volkswagen / Audi / Porsche (1)
- Volkswagen / Audi / Porsche (2)
- Volkswagen / Audi / Porsche (3)
- Volkswagen / Audi / Porsche (4)
- General Motors
- 2011-17 Chevy Volt; 2014-16 Cadillac ELR; 2017 Cadillac CT6
- Ford Motor Company
- 2005-17 Ford HEV Family
- Nissan
- Renault
- Honda
- BMW Group
- BMW xEVs
- BMW xEV Sales
- 2014-17 BMW i3 EV
- Hyundai Motor Group
- 2011-17 Hyundai Sonata & 2017 Ioniq, 2011-17 Kia Optima & 2017 Niro
- Mitsubishi Motor Corporation (MMC)
- Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
- 2017 Chrysler Pacifica PHEV
- Daimler
- Daimler Battery Types
- Volvo Group
- 2013-16 Volvo V60 PHEV; 2016-17 Volvo XC90 PHEV; 2017 Volvo S90 PHEV
- PSA Group
- Tesla Motors
- Tesla Motors
- Tesla’s Impact on Electric Vehicle Design
- Tesla’s Impact of the EV/Battery Industry
- Lithium-Ion Battery Technology for xEVs
- Key Design Parameters
- Historical xEV Battery Development
- xEV Battery Technology Overview
- The Lithium-Ion Cell
- Li-Ion Cell Stack
- Cell Design & Casing : Pouch, Cylindrical, or Prismatic
- Cell Casing: Cylindrical
- Cell Casing : Prismatic and Pouch
- Cathode Chemistry: Ni-Based
- Cathode: NMC is the Focus for Large-Cell EV Batteries
- Cathode Chemistry: Other
- Anode: Graphite-Based
- Status of Graphite
- Si-Blend Anode
- Electrolytes
- Separator
- Solid Electrolyte/Separator?
- xEV Battery Power and Energy Level vs. Applications
- xEV Battery Pack Energy Density vs. Power Level
- xEV Battery Cost vs. Energy
- Module Technology
- Mild and Strong Hybrid Batteries
- Requirements
- Batteries for Strong Hybrids
- 2001-17 Toyota HEV NiMH: Battery Pack Parameters
- HEV Li-Ion Cell Current Design Matrix
- Li-Ion Prismatic Metal-Can Cells Involved in Production HEVs
- Li-Ion HEV Cell Materials Cost
- Li-Ion HEV 5-Ah Cell Price
- Li-Ion HEV: Key Cost Components
- Cell and Pack Design, and Cost
- 48V Mild Hybrids: Battery Requirements and Selection
- 48V Battery Solutions
- Audi 48V Battery System Requirements
- 48V, 0.37-kWh Liquid-Cooled SDI Pack for Jeep Wrangler
- LG Chem 9.8-Ah Pouch Cell for Mild Hybrids
- 10-Ah MHEV Cell Price 2020
- 48V MHEV, 2025 Cell Materials Cost
- 48V MHEV, 2025 Cell Price
- 48V Cell and Battery Design Evolution
- Audi’s 48V Battery System Requirement Evolution Forecast
- 14V Micro-2 Hybrids: Energy-Storage Solutions
- Micro-2 Hybrids: Energy-Storage Solutions (2)
- Micro-2 Hybrids: Energy-Storage Solutions (3)
- Low-Voltage Hybrid Li-Ion Cell Design
- EV & PHEV Battery Technology
- PHEV Battery Technology Evolution
- Battery Pack Capacity for PHEVs
- PHEV Battery Pack – Specific Energy
- PHEV Battery Pack – Capacity vs. Launch Year
- PHEV Battery Pack – Specific Energy vs. Launch Year
- PHEV Cell and Pack – 2017 Market
- Mercedes PHEV Battery-Pack Parameters
- PHEV-2 Roadmap
- EV Cell and Battery Design, Energy & Power Density
- EV Pack Key Characteristics since 1996
- Battery Packs for EVs vs. Launch Year
- Li-Ion Cells Employed in EVs 2008-2017
- Key Characteristics of EV Cells Utilized in EV Packs 2017
- Battery Packs for EVs – Specific Energy vs. Launch Year
- Specific Energy of EV Battery Packs
- Cells Delivering 600Wh/liter are Being Qualified
- VW’s Aggressive Technology Roadmap
- Li-Ion Cell Energy Density Evolution
- Where is the improvement in energy density coming from?
- Life and Safety
- EV & PHEV Battery Life
- Tesla Battery Capacity versus Driven km (as published by Tesla Drivers Club)
- Li-Ion Battery Safety
- Safety at Module and Pack Levels
- Safety: Key Issues
- Safety Enhancement and its Cost
- Fast Charge & Battery Design
- Impact of Fast Charge on Cost and Energy Density
- Fast-Charge Tesla Batteries: about 50% in 30 minutes
- EV and PHEV Battery Cost
- Cost of Materials
- Nickel Pricing
- Class 1 Nickel Supply and Demand
- Cobalt Pricing $/kg
- Lithium Pricing
- NMC (6,2,2) Cost Estimate
- NCA (90,6,4) Cost 2018-2020
- NCA (90, 06, 04) Cost 2025
- 37-Ah PHEV Cell Materials Cost
- 3.4-Ah 18650 Cell Materials Cost
- 21700 Cell Materials Cost – 2020
- 56-Ah EV Pouch Cell Materials Cost
- Cell and Battery Cost
- 37-Ah PHEV Cell Price
- Cell Price for a 44 Ah Prismatic PHEV cell (2020)
- 3.4-Ah 18650 Cell Price, 2016
- 56-Ah EV Pouch Cell Price, 2018
- 21700 Cell Price, 2020
- 65Ah Pouch Cell Price, 2020
- 78Ah EV Pouch Cell Price Estimate, 2025
- Cost Reduction Trajectory
- PHEV Battery Price Trends
- VW’s Aggressive (unrealistic?) Price Target for Cells and Packs
- GM’s Roadmap for EV Cell Pricing, Chevy Bolt
- EV Battery Price Trends
- Cost-Reduction Roadmaps—Issues
- EV Battery Cost Estimate
- xEV Battery Cost and Pricing
- Battery Technology: Is there a Future Beyond Lithium Ion?
- xEV Batteries’ Desired Attributes and Characteristics of 2025 Li-Ion Batteries
- Automakers' Expectations for Key Performance Values of Battery-EV Li-Ion Cells
- Automakers' Expectations of 2025 Li Ion BEVs
- Fast-Pace Expansion History of Li-Ion Batteries
- Future Automotive Cell Requirements - Other Applications
- Direction of Automotive Li-Ion Battery Development
- So What is the BEV Cell Development Matrix?
- Automakers' EV-Battery Needs for Faster BEV Expansion Beyond 2028
- Anode Opportunities: Silicon and Metallic Lithium
- Silicon-based Anodes
- Silicon Anode Pre-Lithiation
- Metallic Lithium Anode
- 1975-1977, Li/TiS2 and LiAl/TiS2 Rechargeable Cells - EXXON
- 1986-1990: Li/MoS2 Rechargeable Cells – Moli Energy
- Valence Technology 1994 Li/’Wet’ Polymer/VOx Cell Phone Cells
- Li-Metal Rechargeable Batteries
- Li-Metal Anode Cost and Processing
- Lithium Foil Pricing
- Metallic Li Anode – The Electrolyte Challenge
- Solid Electrolyte: Promise and Challenges
- Solid Electrolyte for Lithium-Metal Rechargeable Batteries
- Solid Electrolytes – High-Level View
- Challenges of Solid Electrolytes in all Solid-State Li-Metal Cells
- Solid-State Batteries: Overview
- Many Electrolyte Families Under Development
- Limitations of Solid Electrolytes
- Key Characteristics of Contending Solid Electrolytes
- Solid Polymer Electrolytes ‘Dry’ (SPE) and ‘Gels’
- Ionic Conductivity of Inorganic Solid Electrolytes
- The Lithium Protective Layer: Status and Challenges
- The Lithium Protective-Layer Approach
- Protected Li Metal Anodes
- Li/SE versus C-Gr/LE; Energy Density and Cost
- Li-NMC: the Most Promising of the ‘Future Technologies
- Volumetric Energy Density – Li-NMC versus Gr-NMC Cell Design Matrix
- Volumetric Energy Density – Li/NMC versus Gr-NMC Cells
- Li-NMC: Can we achieve cost parity with Gr-NMC?
- Li/NMC versus Gr-Si/NMC
- Cathode Development: Is There a Future Beyond High-Nickel NMC?
- Li/Air or Li/Sulfur Chemistries – Volumetric Energy Density
- Li Ion versus Li/S – Battery Requirement Spider Diagram
- New Cathodes
- Future EV Battery Technology Synopsis
- Beyond Li Ion before 2030?
- CONCLUSIONS: Beyond Li Ion for Mass-Market EVs?
- Conclusions: Post-Li-Ion Opportunity
- What is the Automakers’ True Evaluation of Post Li Ion for EVs? Hype or Real Promise?
- xEV Battery Market Forecast to 2025
- xEV Battery Market Overview
- xEV Battery Market Overview
- 2017 Automotive Li-Ion Battery Market
- 2018 Automotive Li-Ion Battery Market
- xEV Battery Pack Business
- 2020 Automotive Li-Ion Battery Market
- xEV Li-Ion Battery Market 2020
- 2025 Automotive Li-Ion Battery Market
- Mild and Strong Hybrids
- Strong HEV OEM/Supplier Relationships
- Mild HEV OEM/Supplier Relationships
- HEV Battery-Pack Market
- Li-Ion HEV Battery Module Market
- EVs and PHEV
- PHEV OEM/Supplier Relationships
- PHEV Battery Cell Market by Producer
- EV OEM/Supplier Relationships
- EV Battery Cell Market by Producer
- Combined EV & PHEV Cell Market by Producer
- xEV Battery Shipments by Chinese Producer, MWh
- Automotive Li-Ion Battery Business – 2025 Base Case
- 2030 xEV Battery Business – Base Case
- Demand for Materials
- HEV Cell Materials Demand 2020
- PHEV-EV Cell Materials Demand 2020
- xEV 2020 Key Cell Materials
- 2025 xEV Battery Materials Demand
- xEV 2025 Key Raw Materials Demand Forecast
- Directions of Individual Cell Makers
- Panasonic
- LG Chem Key Product
- LG Chem Cells and Packs
- LG Chem EV Cells
- LG Chem Cells and Pack – 2017 Chrysler Pacifica PHEV
- LG Chem Cells and Packs for Volvo PHEVs
- LG Chem – PHEV Battery Cells
- LG Chem – Other
- Samsung SDI
- CATL
- BYD
- Chinese Market – Battery Makers
- SK Innovation
- AESC Advanced Energy Supply Corporation
- GS Yuasa Group
- Toshiba
- Hitachi Vehicle Energy
- A123 Systems
- Johnson Controls
- Appendix
- Levels of Vehicle Hybridization
- Levels of Vehicle Hybridization/Electrification
- Key Hybrid Functions
- Which level of electrification?
- Micro-1 Hybrids (Stop/Start)
- Micro-2 Hybrids
- 48V Mild Hybrids
- 100-140V Mild Hybrids
- Strong Hybrids
- Plug-in Hybrids
- History of EV Battery Development
- Electric Vehicles
- Fuel-Cell Vehicles
- Heavy-Duty Vehicles
- Lead-Acid and NiMH HEV Batteries and Ultracapacitors
- Enhanced Flooded Lead-Acid Battery Design (Exide)
- Valve-Regulated Lead Acid
- Lead Acid in Future Automotive
- EC Capacitors
- Nickel Metal Hydride HEV Cells
- Commercial Status of NiMH
- Lead Acid Producers – U.S. & Europe
- Lead Acid Producers – Japan
- NiMH producers Primearth EV Energy